The Approach of the Law Lords Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Approach of the Law Lords - Essay Example At the point when it is difficult to decipher the enactment in a way that conforms to the ECHR, the residential court must think of a â€Å"Declaration of Incompatibility†. The purpose of flight into the enquiry regarding whether the Law Lords are currently made to administer human rights is the arrangement in the Human Rights Act 1998, Section 3 of which peruses as follows: â€Å"So far as conceivable to do as such, essential enactment and optional enactment ought to be perused and given impact in a manner which is perfect with Convention rights.† By Convention Rights, one alludes to the European Convention on Human Rights, to which the United Kingdom is bound. The essence of the discussion is this: does this arrangement presently fundamentally adjust the intensity of Judges, with the end goal that they may now adequately ‘legislate’ human rights through translation of demonstrations of Parliament? Provided that this is true, is this change for better or i n negative ways? Spectators have noticed that â€Å"stocktaking as opposed to conclusive appraisal† (Bonner, et. al., 2003: 549) might be progressively reasonable, given the developing picture. This paper first ganders at the foundation of Section 3 and how this Section has been created and solidified in statute. After which, this paper will likewise contend this is in reliable with the universal commitments of the United Kingdom. At long last, it will make the contention that the impacts of Section 3 is more advantageous than adverse, in that it builds up with more prominent sureness the detachment between the lawmaking body and the legal executive †a move that supplements the ongoing making of the Supreme Court as an investigative council over the Law Lords. The principle investigate, to decide in favor of oversimplicity, of the individuals who contend that the Section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 is too radical a modification of the intensity of judges is that human rights strategy in the nation will be in the possession of a gathering of individuals who were not chosen through popularity based races. Then again, the individuals who contend for the Human Rights Act, and thus, the European Convention on Human Rights, express that the goals of human rights and equity request that Parliamentary demonstrations be continually checked and adjusted. In reality, the prerequisites of current administration make it important that the parts of government are not given liberated force and watchfulness. It's implied, for example, that contemplations of harmony and request must be weighed contrary to the holy standards of common freedoms and individual flexibilities. Legal development Jurisprudence has spoken lavishly on the most proficient method to continue with deciphering enactment in concordance with Article 3. In the first place, it is imperative to recognize the particular legal arrangement that is in repudiation with the rights under the Human Right s Act (see the instance of R v A (No. 2) [2002] 1 AC 45 ). After which, the Court must decide if there is a break of Convention rights (see the instance of Poplar Housing Association v Donaghue [2002] QB 48 para 5). The court is then accused of the obligation of recognizing potential implications implies inside the enactment. Jepson states that there are two head ways by which the

Modernism And Modernisation In Architecture And Culture Philosophy Essay

Innovation And Modernisation In Architecture And Culture Philosophy Essay Examine the different contending thoughts of Modernity, Modernism and Modernisation in engineering and culture in the compositions of Robert Venturi/Denise Scott Brown utilizing the works of Michel Foucault and Jã ¼rgen Habermas to help your conversation. Presentation To start this exposition worried about the issues of Modernity, Modernism and Modernisation, I think it is a need to initially characterize the term Modern, as it connects every one of the three terms. Current, as indicated by Jã ¼rgen Habermas, was first utilized in late fifth century so as to recognize the Christian present, from the agnostic and Roman past. He contends that Modern can be utilized at whatever point the attention to another period created in Europe through an adjustment in the relationship to old style artifact. For us individuals today, Habermas thinks present day starts with the Renaissance, anyway individuals viewed themselves as current in the period of Charlemagne in the twelfth century and in the Enlightenment. (Habermas, 1996). Through this Habermas depicts the term present day as one, which can be utilized broadly and has no complete timeframe, as the idea driving it depends on ones (or a periods) observation. Figure Habermas clarification of current is bolstered by Vincent Scully, as he clarifies that Le Corbusiers, a pioneer of Modern engineering, instructor was the Greek sanctuary (Figure 1), comprising of a detached body, white and free in the scene, its meticulousness clear in the sun. Le Corbusier during his initial polemics would have his structures similarly as the sanctuary, as time went on his design started to logically increasingly more join the Greek Temples sculptural and brave character. (Venturi, 1977) Scullys translation on crafted by Le Corbusier legitimately, as Corbusier made another immediate relationship with the old style vestige of Greek Temples. Michel Foucault, as indicated by Barry Smart, takes a marginally alternate point of view to Habermas and Scullys understandings of the term present day, he deciphers current as a placeholder when an increasingly positive depiction isn't known. He proceeds to clarify that the advanced (or present) can't perceive itself as a period and that on the off chance that you can layout the attributes that make up a period is to as of now be past it and has gotten the past. (Shrewd, 1994). Foucault an intriguing understanding into the cutting edge, as just a title providing for that which is unclassifiable , the present, and that once you can characterize a timespan then it is not, at this point current and is the past. Innovation 1.1 Habermas contends that Modernity is an articulation that speaks to the awareness of a time that relates back to the past of traditional vestige all together comprehend itself as the development from the old to the new. What Habermas called the Unfinished Project focuses on a recognizable reconnection of present day culture with an ordinary circle of the hypothesis creation process, which is reliant on living legacy. Be that as it may, the point of advancement must be accomplished if the procedure of social modernisation can be changed into other non-entrepreneur headings, if the condition of the present world is equipped for creating establishments of its own particular manner right now pulled back by oneself decision framework elements of the monetary and regulatory frameworks. (Habermas, 1994) Venturi clarifies that Louis Khans or conventional present day engineers want for straightforwardness, is good, when it is made legitimate through internal intricacy. He goes to make reference to that the Doric Temples (Figure 2) straightforwardness to the eye is accomplished through celebrated nuances and exactness of its twisted geometry and the inconsistencies and strains inborn in its request, so it accomplishes clear effortlessness through genuine multifaceted nature. (Venturi, 1977). Through this Venturis point interfaces legitimately to Habermas thought of innovation, as he is relating the new Modern design want for straightforwardness to the effortlessness accomplished in the old engineering of the Doric Temple, subsequently featuring a progress from the old to new. Figure Michel Foucault adopts an alternate strategy from Habermas as he means Modernity as something which is described by a mix of intensity/information relations around the subject of life, an actual existence that is presently conceivable to ace through science. He proceeds to contend that the human races issue doesn't just comprise of a dread of devastation through synthetic or nuclear contamination, creature species termination or exhaustion of characteristic assets; the possibility that any vindictive force could assume control over advancements for malicious reasons for existing, is just a bogus dream to conceal a certified mystical tension that compares with the dominance of life. Through this Foucault expresses that this dominance of life, through science, changes the living, squashing it. Instead of transforming it into an information base whereupon could bolster us, in this way making the living being increasingly counterfeit. (Jose, 1998) Habermas produces a meaning of Modernity, which takes an a greater amount of social/conservative point of view, with his connection between social modernization and private enterprise and between the universes foundations and self-ruling financial and managerial frameworks. Then again Foucault adopts a strategy where he tends to how significant the logical part of advancement is and how it has influenced out point of view all in all. Figure As per Habermas, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (Figure 3) was the principal logician to build up an away from of innovation. With the logicians that preceded him, Hegel found the center of innovation in the standard of subjectivity, which had recently been examined by Kant, who considered subjectivity to be the establishment of science, ethical quality and craftsmanship fields. Hegel contended that since advancement depended on subjectivity and the intensity of basic reflection, just philosophical explanation could accomplish the sought after compromise and conquer the uncertainty of present day subjectivity. This translation lead to the verbalization of Hegels thought of supreme soul, which is simply the devouring movement revelation, the genuinely self-gainful self-connection, mediating subjectivity and objectivity, nature and soul, finitude and unendingness. (Habermas, 1996, Pg. 6) Advancement and the Enlightenment David Harvey depicts Enlightenment thought as that which grasped the possibility of movement and effectively needed that break with history and convention which advancement receives. It was a non-strict development that looked for the evacuation of lack of clarity and holiness of information and social association so as to liberate people from their chains. (Harvey, 1989). The venture of advancement, as alluded to by Habermas, came into center during eighteenth century. This built up a scholarly exertion by Enlightenment masterminds to progress in target science, all inclusive morals and law, and self-governing craftsmanship as per their internal rationale. The thought behind this was to may utilization of the information picked up by numerous individuals working uninhibitedly and inventively in quest for human liberation and the enhancement of every day life. Harvey means Enlightenment thought as a manner of thinking which endeavors to expel the disquiet about seeking after information and social association with the goal that we can evacuate the chains in our brains, which keeps us from increasing more information. This connections into Habermas, where he addresses a quality of Enlightenment thinking, which is to progress and advance day by day life through the addition of more information. As per Habermas, through contradicting the traditional and the sentimental to one another, innovation wished to make its own past in an admired vision of the Middle Ages. During the nineteenth century the Romanticism created a radicalized acknowledgment of innovation that disconnected itself from all past recorded associations and comprehended itself exclusively in theoretical resistance to custom and history in general. (Habermas, 1996) I don't concur with this announcement as Habermas negates himself as he recently meant innovation as an articulation that speaks to the awareness of a period that alludes back to the past of traditional artifact correctly so as to appreciate itself as the consequence of a progress from the old to the new. (Habermas,1996, Pg. 39) Regarding this thought, it would outlandish for a kind of advancement to build up that not have recorded associations and uniquely restricted custom and history totally. Innovation as a cutting edge The attitude of stylish innovation started to shape with Charles Pierre Baudelaire and with his hypothesis of workmanship, which had been impacted by Edgar Allan Poe. This unfurled in the cutting edge imaginative developments and afterward accomplished its top with oddity and the Dadaists of the Cafã © Voltaire. This mindset is described by a lot of mentalities, which conformed to another changed cognizance of time, which communicates in the spatial analogy of the cutting edge. This cutting edge investigates the obscure, in this manner presenting itself to the danger of abrupt and stunning experiences, vanquishing an unsure future and must discover a way for itself in beforehand obscure areas. (Habermas, 1996) Innovation Modernisation End Absolute Word Count:

Robotics

Robotics Once largely the province of science fiction, roboticss already permeate our daily lives. We may not realize it, as science fiction novels, television, and film have shaped our expectations of the appearance and function of robots. And those popular images of robots â€" machines like Wall-E, C-3P0, or the Terminator, do not yet exist. We do not live in a society where robots are as common in every household as silverware. However, not only are we headed there, already, robots of astounding functionality are in use around the world. Moreover, many corporations are racing to not only develop robots that meet our preconceived notions of what a robot should be, but also make them as ubiquitous as cellphones. Governments are striving to enhance their viability as weapons. In addition, academics are vigorously searching for singularity â€" the point at which robot intelligence will outstrip human intelligence. © Shutterstock.com | Willyam BradberryFueling all of this activity is the exciting field of robotics, which promises â€" or threatens â€" to transform our world in just a few short decades. In this article, we will look at, 1) definition of robotics, 2) history of robotics technology, 3) trends in robotics research, 3) semi-autonomous vs. autonomous robots, 4) robotics in industry and government, 5)  consumer robotics, 6) the future development of robotics technology, 7) the benefits of robotics technology, and 8) the ethical implications of robotics.DEFINITION OF ROBOTICSRobotics is the cross-disciplinary study of the design, development, and deployment of robots, which involves electronics, engineering, computer science, bioengineering, physics, philosophy, and psychology. We then must define robots, which is no easy task. In 1979, the Robot Institute of America defined robots as:A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or sp ecialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.Is a car then a robot? The Oxford Dictionary defines a robot as:“A machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically, especially one programmable by a computer.”The first part is good, but the second part is clearly reflective of our popular conception of robots, and is contradicted by new biological tissue-based bio-robots, among other new developments. As the technology evolves, so too must the definition. For our purposes, we will define robots using the first part of the Oxford Dictionary definition, which is inclusive of not only new developments in robotics technology, but also the historical development of robots and robotics.A HISTORY OF ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGYScience historians generally credit the first robot to Archytas, an ancient Greek scholar and contemporary of Plato, who, in 350 BC, developed an artificial flying device whose form mimicked a bird’ s form and whose propulsion was powered by steam. Approximately 100 years later, the Greek inventor Ctesibus created automated clocks powered by water. These early inventions paved the way for further exploration of automated machines, with further advancements throughout the centuries leading to famed inventor Leonardo DaVinci’s robot â€" an armored knight in 1495; the Digesting Duck (robot) of French inventor Jacques de Vaucanson in 1739; and Swiss inventor Pierre Jacquet Droz’s animated dolls, built in the late 18th century. Most of the robots of the time were built to amuse and entertain European royalty; Droz’s dolls are notable for being programmable and a precursor to the modern computer.In 1822, Charles Babbage, an English scholar, invented (but never built) what is considered the first computer: a machine based on levers and gears, rather than the then-recently created electric circuit (by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800). As computers are key to most robots in service today, as well as major fields of robotics study, it is worth noting here. Further advancements in mathematics, physics, mechanics, and electrical engineering over the next century and a half years led to the development of remote controlled robots. The term robot itself (from Czech writer Karel Capek’s play R.U.R. or Rossum’s Universal Robots) was popularized by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov, whose fiction has been influential on robo-ethics, and the term “artificial intelligence.”The 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s saw the rise of automated machines introduced for commercial manufacturing purposes as well as significant scientific explorations in artificial intelligence and biomechanics. However, beginning in the 1980s and early 1990s, robotics began to seep outside of the lab and into the hands of consumers, notably through LEGO robotics kits, which were simultaneously introduced to retail stores and classrooms. With the explosion of the Internet in the la te 1990s and the early 2000s, came a similar frenzied commercial drive to adapt robotics technologies, such as sensing, thinking, and acting, into electronically powered consumer products, thus blurring the line between what we think of as robots and actual robots. However, the Internet, and more specifically, the advent of the Digital or Information Age, also accelerated work on the development of service robots, military robots, research robots, and other machines strictly defined as robots.TRENDS IN ROBOTICS RESEARCHBecause robotics involves so many disciplines, approaches, and goals, there are dozens of different branches of robotics. They include, but are not limited to:Aerial robotics: the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, commonly known as drones);Artificial intelligence: the development of self-thinking machines;Bio-robotics: the design of robots that emulate biological beings;Robot learning: the design and refinement of the way robot programming processes infor mation; andKinematics: the study of motion, in this case applied to robots.Fundamentally, some of the major trends in robotics research today that encompass most of robotics’ diverse branches include:Standardization: the creation of a common robot operating system;Miniaturization: which reflects advances in nanotechnology and medical applications for robots;Parallel processing: the development of robotics CPUs that mimic the human brain;Biological modeling: modeling robotic motion on human and animal motion; andIncreasing robotic autonomy.How Robots Will Change The World Documentary SEMI-AUTONOMOUS VS. AUTONOMOUS ROBOTSRobots are either semi-autonomous or autonomous. Semi-autonomous robots are those that are controlled manually by a human, or by their programming. They may be able to learn but that learning has a finite ceiling. Autonomous robots, in contrast, are those that can think, act, and adapt to sensory input. Completely autonomous robots are the ultimate goal of the arti ficial intelligence branch of robotics. However, while academics make strides towards that end, others work to refine the many semi-autonomous robots active today. Usually, these are found in industry and government, are known as service robots, and are designed to perform a specific function.ROBOTICS IN INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENTManufacturingService robots have been utilized in industrial manufacturing processes to automate various phases of production since the 1960s. Most often, these robots are purely functional in design. One of the first industrial robots was an “arm,” created by George Devol in 1961, and used to manufacture auto parts at General Motors. Today, industrial robots have replaced millions of farmers, manufacturers, cargo loaders, and other labor-intensive occupations. Other jobs have arisen in new fields, but another wave of job displacement may arise with the advances in, and increased deployment of, semi-autonomous robots. The ability of service robots to learn and process complex information could lead to the deployment of robots in fields such as precision manufacturing, trucking, accounting, and even writing.MedicineRecent advances in robotics have been fueled in part by medical research and efforts by the medical community to improve the efficiency of healthcare delivery. Robots like Aethon TUG and the Vasteras Giraffe have been deployed in hospitals to deliver medicine and/or medical equipment throughout hospitals, and to enhance the delivery of medicine to homebound patients, respectively. Other examples include the Bestic, a robotic arm that helps delivery food to patients, and the Cosmobot, a robot design to enhance therapy techniques administered to developmentally disabled children.Robots have also been used increasingly in operations. Robots, such as the ZEUS Robotic Surgical System, have been in use since the late 1990s. Unmanned robotic surgeries have been available to patients since 2006. The burgeoning field of nano-medicin e is full of enthusiastic academic researchers devoted to deliver medicine in the body through nano-bots, which would act similar to antibodies. Unlike most robots, these would be made from biological tissue, rather than metal or polymers.Robotics technologies have also been employed in exoskeletons, to great effect. The firm ReWalk created an exoskeleton that, using sensing technologies, allows paraplegics to walk. It has been approved by the FDA for use, and while it currently costs approximately $70,000, advancements in these technologies as well as computer learning and processing power, may bring the price down in the coming years.MilitaryExoskeletons are not solely the province of medical research. Militaries, especially the U.S. military, have spent a considerable amount of time and money developing exoskeletons for infantry combat use. Such devices would allow soldiers to carry supplies and weapons effortlessly; some might even be capable of flight! They would also allow sol diers a full-range of motion, and be able to operate for long periods without charging. Currently, limitations include cost (as these would need to be produced in bulk to account for hundreds of thousands of soldiers), power limitations, and mobility issues.However, robots themselves have already been introduced on the battlefield. The U.S. Air Force uses aerial drones for surgical military strikes, and for reconnaissance. Other models of robots are used for ground-level reconnaissance, explosive device assessment and disposal, and equipment transportation. They range in size and form. For example, handheld “throwbots” can be pitched through a window or doorway and use their built-in recording equipment for surveillance. Security robotic systems, like the Packbot or TALON are often equipped with tires or treads to travel to a particular destination and perform a specified task. These models are small enough to be transported in a soldier’s backpack. By contrast, robots like th e ACER resemble a bulldozer and are designed for bomb disposal, transportation of weapons, and clearing roadway obstacles.In 2003, the U.S. Army initially announced a $130 billion program called Future Combat Systems that aimed to deploy armed robots in its military forces. However, the program was canceled in 2009 and its more promising initiatives swept into a general modernization program for brigade combat teams. Currently, the U.S., Britain, Israel, South Korea, and China use semi-autonomous robots in military combat.CONSUMER ROBOTICSOf course, not all robotics applications are used for such serious purposes. Consumer robots have been available as toys, pets, and household implements since the 1980s.FunctionsTo-date, consumer robots have generally fallen into one of four categories: toys, pets, social robots, and household implements. Starting with LEGO robotics kits, electronics and toy companies have raced each other to introduce viable robotic toys for kids. And beyond those kits, robot toys have proliferated, from the Tomy Verbot and Playskool Alphie of the 1980s to the Furbys and Sony AIBOs of the 1990s to the RoboSapiens and ASIMOs of today.Many robot toys come in the form of pets. Sony’s AIBO, a robotic toy that can learn and entertain, is a good example, appealing to more than just the market of robot enthusiasts. Indeed, pet robots are a good example of social robots â€" robots designed to provide people with companionship. These can range from the AIBO to dining companion robots such as the JIBO to adult entertainment robots, such as Roxxxy. Other robots, such as the Roomba, provide common household functions, such as vacuum cleaning.Roomba FeaturesThe features of most consumer robots parallel advances in the broader field of robotics. They are electro-mechanical (rather than biological) machines, and usually feature the latest in robot learning, sensing and motion technologies, though these are dependent on their primary function and price po int. Many can be integrated with your other electronics, such as your iPhone.CostsRobots available on the consumer market can retail for as little as $20.00 to as much as $10,000 or more. Generally, the more features the robot has, the more expensive it is. As robotic technologies become more inexpensive to produce, the price point will likely drop, as many electronics corporations would love to ensure the average household of the next ten years features at least one robot.Worlds 10 Most Amazing Robots FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGYWidespread adoptionMuch like popular fiction, scientists and futurists alike do predict that in the next few decades, robots will be in every household. However, few predict the proliferation of humanoid robots. Robotics technologies will instead be propagated throughout all types of electronic devices. This is already occurring. Self-driving cars and smart cities are prime examples. In addition, given that defense departments and healthcare co mpanies are driving investment in robotics technology RD to ensure productivity gains in the military and medicine, they are committed to adopting new technologies that meet safety, productivity, and cost standards.Increased functionalityAdvances in motion and sensing technologies will continue to improve the precision of robot motion, allowing robots to perform tasks once exclusively the domain of humans, as well as some tasks beyond our capabilities. Open sourcing robotics software development will likely yield answers to some tough problems facing roboticists now, but an eventual standardization of operating systems will likely yield the biggest breakthroughs.Integration with artificial intelligence researchEvery new breakthrough in robot learning brings us closer and closer to singularity. At some point in the not too distance future (Noted futurist, inventor and machine learning expert at Google, Ray Kurzweil, predicts by 2029) we will have the ability to develop fully autonomo us robots, which will bring new opportunities and challenges.NanotechnologyAdvances in nanotechnology will most notably have beneficial implications for healthcare, in terms of medicine delivery, healthcare monitoring, medical devices, and surgeries. However, nanotechnology has frightening implications for modern warfare and could, if weaponized, be as destructive as nuclear weapons. Beyond use in some consumer goods manufacturing, there is not much of a consumer market for nano-bots. Nevertheless, there soon might be.BENEFITS OF ROBOTICSAs robotics advances, the benefits of robot utilization grow exponentially. Service robots in industry have lowered production costs and created safer working environments. Military usage of robots has reduced casualties and collateral damage. Robots have also improved healthcare delivery and the advancement, and will likely continue to do so. Moreover, the proliferation of consumer robots may help us, not only in our daily lives, but also understan d ourselves better.ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICSRobotics presents us several potential ethical dilemmas, many of which have played out where robotics started â€" in popular fiction. Perhaps the most common ethical question is, if/when we, one day, create artificial intelligence, what is the role of the robot in our society? Even our current level of robotics technology has created a number of issues that we are already wrestling with, including, but not limited to:Privacy issues related to prosthetic devices and data chip implants, and the introduction of robots into policing;Ethical issues related to physical enhancements through robotics technology; the open sourcing of robotic design; the design of robots that can “breed” (create other robots); and the usage of robots in military operations; andPsychological, moral, and philosophical issues related to human interaction with service robots â€" industrial and personal.Introduction to Robotics[slideshare id=1025309doc=introdu ction-to-robotics-1234545871742906-2w=640h=330]

Glow in the Dark Crystal Geode

Its very easy to make a glow in the dark crystal geode. The rock is a natural mineral (eggshell). You can use one of several common household chemicals to grow the crystals. The glow comes from paint, which you can get from a craft store. Glow in the Dark Geode Materials eggsglow in the dark paint (I used GlowAwayâ„ ¢ washable glowing paint)very hot water (I used my coffee maker) borax, alum, Epsom salts, sugar, salt, or use another crystal recipe food coloring (optional -- I used neon green coloring) Prepare the Glowing Geode There are two ways to crack your eggs. You can carefully crack the top of the egg by tapping it on a counter top. This will give you a deep geode with a smaller opening. Alternatively, you can crack the equator of the egg or carefully cut it with a knife. This will give you a geode you can open and put back together.Dump the egg or make scrambled eggs or whatever.Rinse out the inside of the eggshell with water. Peel away the interior membrane so you are left with only the shell.Allow the egg to air dry or carefully blot it dry with a paper towel or napkin.Use a paintbrush, swab, or your fingers to coat the inside of the eggshell with glowing paint.Set the painted egg aside while you mix the crystal-growing solution. Make the Crystal Solution Pour hot water into a cup.Stir borax or other crystal salt into the water until it stops dissolving and you see some solid at the bottom of the cup.Add food coloring, if desired. Food coloring does not get incorporated into all crystals (e.g., borax crystals will be clear), but it will stain the egg shell behind the crystals, giving the geode some color. Grow the Glowing Crystals Support the shell so that it wont tip over. I made a little nest for mine in a crumpled napkin that I set inside a cereal bowl.Pour the crystal solution into the shell so that it is as full as possible. Dont pour the undissolved solid into the eggshell, just the saturated liquid.Set the shell somewhere where it wont get knocked over. Allow crystals to grow for several hours (overnight is shown) or as long as you like.When you are satisfied with the crystal growth, pour out the solution and allow the geode to dry.Phosphorescent paint is activated by exposing it to bright light. Black light (ultraviolet) produces a very bright glow, also. The duration of the glow depends on the paint you use. My geode glows for about a minute before it needs to be recharged. Some paints will produce geodes that glow for a few seconds. Other paints may glow for many minutes.Store your geode in a dry location, protected from dust.

The Extent at Which Peer Group Affect Students Academic...

The Extent to which Peer Groups Affect Academic Performance Have you ever wondered about the extent to which peer groups affect academic performance? Make no mistake; a peer group can impact your childs academic performance significantly. However, to say that ones peer group is the most influential factor in academic performance isnt true either. Lets take a look at just how influential ones peer group is. [pic] The Extent to Which Peer Groups Affect Academic Performance To answer the question, to what extent do peer groups affect academic performance, in quantifiable terms is actually quite difficult. There are numerous variables to consider, however, here are a few statistics: [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]Ads by Google Distance†¦show more content†¦Parental Involvement Across the board, when taken into account with other factors including ethnicity, socio-economic factors, and even education of parents--parental involvement is the single most influential factor in academic success. Teens who have parents who are involved in their lives and generally know whats going on at school are more likely to attend four-year colleges. Positive Role Models Positive adult role models help solidify a students path on the road to academic achievement. Be it a mentor, or someone in the family, a role model can make a big difference. Setting high expectations for a student can make that student think twice before engaging in risky behavior that might disappoint his mentor. Education as a Value Students who believed that education was a means to pursue something higher and/or believed that education was valuable tend to do better in school. One may well argue that this attitude again stems from parents, although teachers can play a significant role as well. How Influential Are Peer Groups? It would seem that while peer groups are fairly influential,Show MoreRelatedThe Extent at Which Peer Group Affect Students Academic Performance3132 Words   |  13 PagesTHE EFFECT OF PEER PRESSURE IN CAREER CHOICE OF THE 4Th YEAR STUDENTS OF CALOOCAN HIGH SCHOOL A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty Members of the UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY General San Miguel Street, Sangandaan, Caloocan City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY By: Danna Reyes Mharfel M. Milanes September 23, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Approval Sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Model Minority Myth Of Asian Americans846 Words   |  4 PagesThe Model Minority Myth The model minority stereotype suggests that Asian Americans as a group are achieving a higher level of academic, economic, and social success than the overall American population (Hartlep, 2013; Tran Birman, 2010). This stereotype is very much engrained in the American culture today; however, such acceptance does not reflect the whole truth. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, 52.4% of Asian Americans over the age of 25 have a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared toRead MoreGibb and Dyches Workbook Summary1280 Words   |  6 Pagescreated for students who have been classified with a disability and are between the ages of 3 and 21. An Individualized Education Program (IEP) is a written statement of the educational program designed to meet a child’s individual educational needs. Every child who receives special education services must have an IEP. An individualized education program has the goal of setting reasonable improvement learning goals for a child for one year including the role the school will assist the student to achieveRead MoreBetween The Various Financial Data And Eleventh Grade Students1604 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious financial data and eleventh grade students achievement. A comparison of four groups of school districts designated by ad valorem wealth and SES also was conducted to identify difference in student achievement. The findings of the study reveals, total per student expenditure and direct average teacher salary had a direct relationship with the achievement in mathematics but not in languages and art, no significant direct relationship with the student achievement was shown for instructional-operationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pagescases into adolescence and in half of the cases into adulthood (Çuhadaroglu-Çetin, Fà ¼sun, et al., 2013). Adolescents with high levels of impulsivity and inattention have an increased risk for school and occupational failure, difficulties in parent/peer relationships and social and problem-solving skills, executive dysfunctions, emotional self-regulation problems, antisocial behaviors and criminal activity, substance use, and other psychiatric problems when they grow up. About 20% of adults withRead MoreAlcohol And Drugs And Their Effects On First Year Students1544 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol and Drugs and their Effects on First-Year Students Alcohol has been a part of human society for millennia. It can be found in churches, gas stations, supermarkets, and nearly everywhere else. Drugs are becoming more ubiquitous as well, with the legalization of cannabis now active in some form in 25 states (Maciag â€Å"State†). However, no single place is more saturated with alcohol and drugs than the college campus. Despite the troves of research that have been done to give evidence that theyRead MoreExamining the Social Interactions of the Inclusion Classroom: A Grounded Theory1424 Words   |  6 Pagesfocuses in the field of special education for the past two decades. Students with disabilities are being integrated in the general education classrooms at a steady pace. With the focus being on inclusion, educators are increasingly concerned with the social difficulties of students with disabilities (Lewis, Chard, Scott, 1994). In any child’s life, it is important that they grow socially and academically. So, are disabled students in the inclusion classroom experiencing this growth positively orRead MoreMy First Year School Experience1694 Words   |  7 Pagesand independent, which shaped who I am today. In my home environment, we appreciate social and personal relationships. However, my first year school experience wasn’t successful as my home environment. To illustrate, the first year of school was the hardest stage in my educational experience. I had a class where I had experienced some negative attitude and negative words about my work. Teachers taught while we listened. The teacher could respond to any questions asked by students. In addition, thereRead MoreDo Students Who Live On Campus Have an Advantage over Those Who Live Off Campus? 896 Words   |  4 Pagesassumptions about the academic performance of students staying on campus in residences and those who travel to campus every day. Some studies suggest that those students who live in campus residences tend to have an advantage over those who don’t (Peterson, 1975). The following review based in related literature will strive to be as thorough as possible about the chosen topic and problems. A study done by the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) on 1st year students found that for theRead MorePsychosocial Factors as Determinants of Students’ Achievement in Senior Secondary School Mathematics12067 Words   |  49 PagesDETERMINANTS OF STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL MATHEMATICS BY Adekoya Emmanuel Olusegun Abstract This study investigated the influence of psychosocial factors on the achievement secondary school students in mathematics. The variables that were addressed include test anxiety, locus of control, self concept, motivation, study habit and peer influence. The population for the study included all Senior Secondary School 2 (SSS 2) students in Ogun State. Two hundred (200) SS 2 students were

Influences of Mlk’s I Have a Dream Speech Free Essays

Racial segregation along with social equality has been of the many issues in the United States since the nation was formed. Unlike most other issues in this country, segregation was dealt with to an extent but eventually came to a complete halt. Blacks were still being treated unequally in the United States, forced to abide by unreasonable rules or would face cruel punishment. We will write a custom essay sample on Influences of Mlk’s I Have a Dream Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now These rules were present in nearly every public facility, sidewalk, buses, and even bathrooms. Although every person of the white race did not agree with the use of segregation, no one had the courage to stand up and convince the people of the United States that the way they are treating the African Americans was wrong. The Negroes of this time felt as if there was not any hope of being completely free until a brave and intelligent man stood up in front of thousands of people on August 28, 1963 in Washington D. C. Martin Luther King Jr. pens the eyes of many Americans with his words of wisdom in his I Have a Dream speech, explaining how the Negroes of America are being treated and what is about to happen to give the Negroes the freedom they have been promised. His persuasion and direct demand of their freedom will make the people of the United States change their ways or severe consequences will come. One hundred years before King addressed his I have a dream speech, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, meant to gradually free all slaves of the terri tories who were still in rebellion against the Union. Along with the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, the Emancipation Proclamation was written to allow all people of the United States to be free. King mentions in the first few paragraphs of his speech that the Declaration of Independence was a â€Å"promissory note† to every American guaranteeing their â€Å"unalienable rights† of â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. † Explaining that the government’s promise still has not been fulfilled, proven by the African Americans’ lack of complete freedom. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned†, â€Å"America has given the Negro people a bad check. † The Negroes of America were still living through the hardships of segregation and discrimination, which were promised, in several federal documents, abolishment over one hundred years before. King tells the country that he demands the rights of freedom and until all of the Negroes of the United States receive their rights they deserve, they will never give up. He explains that the reason that they do not have freedom is because the government and the people of the United States have convinced the African American population that they will eventually receive their rights, without any intentions of taking action to do so. If they do not receive their rights soon, he promised that there would be a revolution until all people of the United States are free. King automatically draws respect by saying â€Å"The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. † Honoring the people of the white race who were attending the speech and expressing that every individuals’ future depends on their freedom. He also receives respect by telling the people not to revolt through violence while trying to obtain their rights of freedom, seeking revenge would only hurt our population and the nation, as a whole. Being aggressive could endanger the possibility of ever receiving complete freedom for the Negro population. In the speech, King never talked down on the white Americans for their acts. Instead, he explains what the white race had done to require him to stand in front of America that day. He also expressed how he looked forward to the â€Å"brotherhood† and friendship with every white American in the near future, making the people realize he does not want any superiority over the white race, only to be considered equal as them. At this point in the speech, he begins to explain how much he would appreciate life as a free American and how he will enjoy the right to do as he may wish. To be able to work to, not only, make him successful but to create a more successful nation as a whole. â€Å"Nine sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. King brings about persuasion towards every race with this point in the speech. Meaning that it will be an end to segregation, but more importantly a beginning to a powerful and successful nation. The black population being free will bring greater technologies, work ethics, and complete unionization. With the country in complete unity it automatically causes it to be stronger as a whole. His persuasion to the black population c omes greatly towards the end of the speech. He tells everyone that the â€Å"situation can and will be changed. By being so straightforward and ensuring, it gives confidence and motivation to the people who are trying to fix this situation to stand up for themselves and demand what they deserve. This statement also tells the people who are treating the Negroes badly that they have no other choice but to give the blacks their guaranteed rights or there will be an uncontrollable and never ending revolution. The never-ending revolution could jeopardize the function of the country and cause social and economic chaos throughout. King concludes his speech with the famous I have a dream phrases and songs. In the phrases he tells about how peaceful and enjoyable complete freedom will be and how he dreams that one day soon he will see interracial friendships of brotherhood between children and adults of this country. Being able to work together, pray together, struggle together, go to jail together, and stand up for freedom together will bring many great effects on the nation and the people. Being â€Å"free at last† will make the world a better place and will gradually make this country the strongest in the world economically and socially. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s speech was so convincing because of his straightforwardness about what will be done to receive the rights that the African Americans were promised. Although most of the white race had knowledge of how they were treating the blacks, King opened their eyes by making them realize that they Constitutionally deserve the same rights as the white population. King was respectful throughout the speech, which most likely helped the people understand and accept the reason for his speech. Although African Americans still did not receive their rights immediately after this speech, the speech had an incredible impact on the future of the African Americans and the future of this nation. Great risks came with King’s speech but he was willing to take those risks to create a better future for the lives of many Americans. How to cite Influences of Mlk’s I Have a Dream Speech, Essay examples

Australian Corporations Law

Question: Write a brief explanation about why the directors duty to prevent insolvent trading exists and the circumstances and consequences of the veil of incorporation being lifted for insolvent trading.(Do not just repeat the words of the relevant sections in the Corporations Act).From what you know of OHS Solutions predicament, DISCUSS whether any of the directors may be about to breach or have already breached the duty to prevent insolvent trading. (In order to do this you will need to compare what is happening in OHS Solutions case with other precedent cases and refer to the relevant sections in the Corporations Act.) What will you advise Ying? Answer: In modern times, it is required that the directors should be made more responsible for the acts of the companies controlled by them. For example in case a company is allowed by its directors to incur a debt while it is suspected or any other reasonable person under similar circumstances would have suspected it to be insolvent, the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) provides in its section 588 that in such a case the director may have to compensate the company and ultimately the creditor of the company on orders of the court in case of the loss of the creditors. The reason is that in such a case it is considered that it was the fault of the director that the company was able to incur a debt when it was not in a position to repay the debt and at the same time, it was the responsibility of the directors of the company to prevent it from incurring the debt. In this way, the applicable provisions of Corporations Act provide that the directors should not be allowed to incur debts recklessly which cannot be repaid by the company later on and in this way, avoid their personal liability by hiding behind the corporate veil.These provisions can be applied if the debts have been incurred intentionally and at the same time if the director has been negligent in its duty to keep aware of company's financial position at the time of incurring the debt and when the director did not act to stop the company. It is the responsibility of the directors of the company to prevent it from incurring a debt when the company is insolvent or reasonable grounds are there to suspect that it may not be insolvent at the time of incurring the debt. In this way, this duty of the directors is called duty to prevent insolvent trading. This duty has also been incorporated in the Corporations Act and can be found in section 588G in this regard, it needs to be noted that this duty applies to all the directors including any alternative director that has been appointed by the duly appointed director of the company as well as the persons acting as company's directors. At the same time, duty to prevent insolvent trading is also applicable in case of a person who may not be validly or formally appointed as its director but when such person has been acting as company's director. In the same way, duty to prevent insolvent trading is also applicable in case of the persons generally from whom the directors of the com pany take instructions.At the same time, shadow directors and de facto directors are also considered as the directors of the company according to the definition of director as mentioned in section 9 of the Act.At the same time, the earlier defense of silent directors has also been removed now that is in accordance with the current trend. The courts have also verified on several occasions that there are some responsibilities related with the position of director. These responsibilities include the duty of the directors to keep an eye on the financial position of the company as well as on its solvency.Similarly directors should also keep an eye on the debts that are being incurred by the company. These responsibilities cannot be ignored by the directors of companies and if a director ignores these responses this, such a director can be held liable by the court.A number of factors are present which have to be established in case of clean related with insolvent trading. Therefore, while dealing with a claim of insolvent trading, there are certain factors that need to be decided. These include:- Company's solvency at the time when the debt was incurred. The positive duty present and part of its directors and it also needs to be seen in the directors have fulfilled these duties. If reasonable grounds are present due to which the directors should have suspected if the company was solvent or not at the relevant time. The director's liability in case of the relevant debt as well as the statutory defenses that may be used by the directors. The directors of the company have not satisfied the duty to prevent insolvent trading, if these characters have not been successful in stopping the corporation from taking the loan when the directors knew of the reasonable grounds to believe they should have suspected that the company may not solvent at the relevant time or may become insolvent very soon.[8] In such a case, the assessment that needs to be applied is that of a reasonable person.[9] Therefore, it needs to be seen if any other reasonable person under similar circumstances would have come to know regarding the grounds related with the solvency of the company.[10]The legal position in this regard is that the duty of preventing insolvent trading can be breached if a person is acting as the director; the corporation is insolvent or may become so after taking the loan; and the director should have suspected the solvency of the company at such a time. This duty is not only applicable in case of the persons who have been appoi nted formerly but also to the persons who are acting as the director of the company.[11] As a result it is important for the directors remain unaware of the financial position of their corporation and also regarding the cash flow requirements of the company regularly. At the same time, it is also important that the directors should ensure that the company maintains proper books and accounts. The directors should monitor them actively and at the same time, they should also take all reasonable steps that are necessary for keeping an eye on company's financial position. The financial position of the company should be under the consideration of the directors at all times so that the directors of the company become aware of any signs immediately related with the inability of the company to pay its debts.[12] A company can be said to be insolvent if such a company cannot pay its debts when they are due for payment. But the ability of the Company to pay its debt needs to be decided by considering the overall circumstances. Generally the cash flow test is employed for the purpose of evaluating a company's solvency. According to the cash flow test, a realistic evaluation is made of the current as well as the future cash flow. At the same time, it is also seen in case of this test if the cash flow of the company will be enough to pay present as well as the future liabilities. Similarly it also evaluates the general financial position as well as some other important commercial factors in order to decide the solvency of the company. The director of a company can be held liable in case of a claim related with insolvent trading. In the present case, OHS Solutions Pty has been established by Des, Emma and Satish as they introduced in the business various skills and abilities. While Emma has done graduation in accounting, the expertise of Des lies in occupational health and safety. At the same time, an IT degree is possessed by Satish. However after operating for six months, problems start to surface within the company. The accountant that has been hired by Emma failed to give the necessary information. At the same time, in such a case another employee could also been hired so that the financial records of OHS Solutions could have been maintained properly. In this regard, it needs to be noted that it is the duty of a director to act in a timely manner after an advice has been received by the director in this regard and at the same time, the director is also required to evaluate the fairness of the assumption which a re provided the basis for such advice.[13] When the directors of the company received an advice according to which, even if the company may not be insolvent at that time, it may become so as a result of the financial problems present before the company, it is the duty of the directors to take timely action. Such an action may include dealing with the cause that has resulted in the temporary lack of cash flow (Standard Chartered Bank of Australia Ltd v Antico, 1995). At the same time, if reasonable grounds are present for the directors of the company according to which, it is not likely that the company's financial position will improve in future or may deteriorate further, immediate steps should be taken by the directors and if they fail to do so, it may result in the breach of duty to stop insolvent trading by the company.In the same way, if the information is received by the directors according to which, the company may have become insolvent, immediate action is required by the di rectors. Such action may also include the taking of further advice from professionals like a lawyer or an accountant at the generally provide advice regarding the ways in which the financial problems of the corporation can be dealt with.[14] At the same time, by following certain principles, it is possible for the directors of companies to reduce the chances of a breach of their duties. Therefore it is important for the directors to remain aware of the financial position of the company. In the same way, it is also required that the solvency of the companies evaluated regularly by the directors. In case any concern has been identified by the directors related with the solvency of the company, it is important that immediate positive action should be taken by the director with a view to confirm the solvency of the company and at the same time, all the available options should be assessed and realistically by the director. A director is also required to take appropriate advice and then act on such advice that has been received by the director.[15]The law also provides in this regard that the director may rely upon the information given by a third party but it is required that such third party should be briefed in detail and at the same time, sufficient information should also be given to such third party by the directors so that the risk, if any, paced by the company can be properly evaluated by such party.[16] Therefore if a director knows about the financial problems of the company or reasonable grounds are present before such director on the basis of which it can be said that the corporation may not be in the position to repay its debts, it is necessary that the director takes all reasonable steps with a view to prevent the company from taking the loan. It is also required that just as taken by the director should be clear and unequivocal. For example, a director may be required to persuade other directors in writing to prevent the company from taking the loan. In this regard, the director should take appropriate advice if other directors of the company decide to allow the company to take the loan.[17] While in the past, there are two defenses available to the directors according to which, if the debt has not been incurred actively by the director or if it is not likely that action will be taken against the director by the creditors, are not available to the directors of corporations now. The directors may have to face claims of compensation from the liquidator and at the same time, civil or criminal action may also be taken against them.[18] In this regard it needs to be noted that the statutory defenses that are available to the directors of companies can be used only in case of legitimate circumstances[19]. As a result, it is important that these responsibilities should be taken seriously by the directors otherwise they may have to face liability for the breach of their duties.For example in the present case, the managing director of the company, Des has a duty to prevent the company from signing a new contract if the company is facing serious financial problems. At the same tim e, the other directors of the company have also not been able to fulfill their duty which requires them to prevent OHS Solutions from trading while being insolvent. It is also required that Satish and Ying, the other directors of the company also share this liability. The law provides in this regard that it is the duty of the silent directors also to keep an eye on the financial position of the corporation. In this case, it was important that all the directors of OHS Solution Pty Ltd should have kept an eye on the financial position of the company.At the same time, as the Finance Director of OHS Solutions, it was the duty of Emma and also the other directors of the company to prevent the company from trading while the company was insolvent. In the same way, Des was aware of the financial problems that are being faced by OHS Solutions but he had not taken any steps to deal with these problems or to prevent the company from indulging in insolvent trading. In the same way, in the prese nt case, Ying was also a director of OHS Solutions and therefore it was also the duty of Ying to remain aware of the financial position of the company and to prevent the company from indulging in insolvent trading if reasonable grounds were present to suspect that the company may not be solvent at that time. In this way, it can be said that in this case, all the directors of OHS Solutions Pty Ltd can be held liable for the breach of the duty to prevent insolvent trading.On the other hand, it is the duty of Ying as the director of OHS Solutions to prevent the company from indulging in insolvent trading. For this purpose, Ying can give a written notice to the other directors of the company, Des, Emma and Satish. In case the other directors of OHS Solutions decide that there will not stop the company from indulging in insolvent trading, Ying is required to take professional advice and stop the company from indulging in insolvent trading. References Cassidy J, (1997) Has the Sleeping Director Finally Been Laid to Rest? 25 Australian Business Law Review 102 Goldman D, (2005) Directors Beware! Creditor protection from insolvent trading 23 Company and Securities Law Journal 216 Goode R, (1998) Insolvent Trading Under English and Australian Law 16 Company and Securities Law Journal 170 Hargovan A, (2004) Geneva Finance and the Duty of Directors to Creditors: Imperfect obligation and critique 12 Insolvency Law Journal 134 Herzberg A, (1998) Why Are There So Few Insolvent Trading Cases? 6 Insolvency Law Journal 77 James P, Ramsay I and Siva P, (2004) Insolvent Trading An Empirical Study 12 Insolvency Law Journal 210 Law L, (1997) Business Judgment Rule in Australia: A reappraisal since the AWA case 15 Company and Securities Law Journal 174 Mannolini J, (1996) Creditors Interests in the Corporate Contract: A case for the reform 6 Australian Journal of Corporate Law 14 Mescher B, (1998) Company Directors Knowledge of the Insolvent Trading Provisions 6 Insolvency Law Journal 186 Mosley J, (1996) Insolvent Trading:What is a debt and when is one incurred? 4 Insolvency Law Journal 155 Sivehla J, (2006) Directors Fiduciary Duties 27 Australian Bar Review 192 Welsh M and Anderson H, (2006) Directors Personal Liability for Corporate Fault: An alternative model 26 Adelaide Law Review 29 Case Law: Clark v Perkins [2002] SASC 382 DCT v Clarke (2003) 57 NSWLR 113 Gye v McIntyre (1991) 171 CLR 609 Morley v Statewide Tobacco Services Ltd [1993] 1 VR 423 Tolcher v National Australia Bank Ltd [2003] NSWSC 207 [1] Cassidy J, (1997) Has the Sleeping Director Finally Been Laid to Rest? 25 Australian Business Law Review 102 [2] Clark v Perkins [2002] SASC 382 [3] Law L, (1997) Business Judgment Rule in Australia: A reappraisal since the AWA case 15 Company and Securities Law Journal 174 [4] James P, Ramsay I and Siva P, (2004) Insolvent Trading An Empirical Study 12 Insolvency Law Journal 210 [5] Goode R, (1998) Insolvent Trading Under English and Australian Law 16 Company and Securities Law Journal 170 [6] Mannolini J, (1996) Creditors Interests in the Corporate Contract: A case for the reform 6 Australian Journal of Corporate Law 14 [7] Goldman D, (2005) Directors Beware! Creditor protection from insolvent trading 23 Company and Securities Law Journal 216 [8] Mescher B, (1998) Company Directors Knowledge of the Insolvent Trading Provisions 6 Insolvency Law Journal 186 [9] Credit Corporation Australia Pty Ltd v Atkins, 1990 [10] Mosley J, (1996) Insolvent Trading:What is a debt and when is one incurred? 4 Insolvency Law Journal 155 [11] Morley v Statewide Tobacco Services Ltd, 1993 [12] Gye v McIntyre (1991) 171 CLR 609 [13] DCT v Clarke (2003) 57 NSWLR 113 [14] Welsh M and Anderson H, (2006) Directors Personal Liability for Corporate Fault: An alternative model 26 Adelaide Law Review 299 [15] Herzberg A, (1998) Why Are There So Few Insolvent Trading Cases? 6 Insolvency Law Journal 77 [16] Sivehla J, (2006) Directors Fiduciary Duties 27 Australian Bar Review 192 [17] Hargovan A, (2004) Geneva Finance and the Duty of Directors to Creditors: Imperfect obligation and critique 12 Insolvency Law Journal 134 [18] Goode R, (1998) Insolvent Trading Under English and Australian Law 16 Company and Securities Law Journal 170 [19] Tolcher v National Australia Bank Ltd [2003] NSWSC 207

Jimi Hendrix Why He Desrves World Recognition free essay sample

During his career, he revolutionized the sound of rock, and changed it greatly. Hendrix was a major influence in music and with his beliefs. Jim Hendrix was a positive influence on the world, and his music and views continue to inspire many people. Jim Hendrix was born in Seattle, Washington on November 27, 1942. Throughout his childhood, his family dealt with financial problems, and he was sometimes put in the care of friends and family.By the time he was nine, his parents had divorced, and as occasionally sent to live In Vancouver, British Columbia with his grandmother. Around the age of fifteen is when he started to pursue his love of music. His first acoustic guitar was given to him for five dollars, and he immediately began to learn to play by listening to records, and through tips from other players. In 1959, his father bought him his first electric guitar. Hendrix main influences were Elvis Presley, blues music, such as the Muddy Waters and B. We will write a custom essay sample on Jimi Hendrix: Why He Desrves World Recognition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page B. King.Another big Influence came from the western movie Johnny Guitar because the main character Is a hero that isnt carry a gun, but only a guitar. Jim Hendrix has had an obvious contribution to society in music. But many people dont know that he also contributed by Joining the army. He was assigned to the 1st Airborne Division and was stationed in Kentucky. Unfortunately, after a year, he was discharged because during his twenty-sixth parachute Jump, he broke his ankle. Secondly, and more importantly, his greatest contribution was his advances In music.He furthered the range of the electric guitar, establishing It as a unique source, ether than amplified guitar, and blended many styles of his voice and his guitar style. Along with other bands during his time, he furthered the development of hard rock, heavy metal, and blues. Hendrix contributions to music can not be overstated, and without a doubt, they still impact many people, more specifically, musicians. Although he was unable to read music, and he was self-taught, he was a music genius. He pioneered the use of effects, Like way-way, phasing, and fuzz tone, which have become part of rock music. His precision and speed with his guitar, have influenced people to try to aspire to lay half as good as him. All of his contributions have lasted almost thirty years because Jim Hendrix was a major force in music then, and was so powerful, that they have all continued to influence and inspire people. There are really only two areas of the world that Hendrix has Influenced, and that Is Europe, Japan, and the United States. He Minimally had success In Europe, and throughout his career he made fans such as Eric Clayton, members of The Beetles and The Who.In the United States, his fame came later, although he was already internationally known. Many people have been affected by Hendrix music, and have been influenced to pursue careers, and have become great fans of his. Jim Hendrix has influenced artists in the funk genre of music like The Sisley Brothers and Prince. Also, his Influence In music extends to rap music, and to artists such as Wesley Jean Hendrix, simply in the fact that everyone can relate to music, and he made it easy for everyone to listen and enjoy it. Hendrix made rock music different and unique.In conclusion, Jim Hendrix has revolutionized the sound of rock music, and mirrored new advances in the music as well. He has influenced people that like completely different types of music other than rock. Not only that, but he made the music because of his love for it and wanted it to be perfect for everyone. He succeeded greatly with that, and even with his untimely and tragic death, to this day, people continue to love his music. Jim Hendrix played the music so that everyone could relate to it, and because of that he is known as one of the greatest and most influential guitarists and music artists of all time.

Free Essays on Coldplay

History of Rock Music 287 Parachutes by Coldplay Label: EMD/Capitol, (recorded 2000). Produced by Ken Nelson and Kris Allison. Selections: Don’t Panic, Shiver, Spies, Sparks, Yellow, Trouble, Parachutes, High Speed, We Never Change, Everything’s Not Lost. Personnel: Chris Martin, vocals piano, Jon Buckland, guitar, Will Champion, drums, and Guy Berryman, bass. Coldplay recently won a Grammy award for Parachutes for Best Alternative Album. The only thing wrong with that is that Parachutes deserved to be nominated for Best Album. All of the quartet attended the University College of London. All four had been playing instruments since their early teens and been influenced by likes of Bob Dylan, Neil Young, and Eric Clapton. With only their full-debut album and a few EPs they have already joined the ranks of England’s elite including Oasis, Verve, and Radiohead. They are drawing comparisons with Scotland’s Travis and the late Jeff Buckley, who I recently have also taken an interest to. This album also earned the band a Mercury Music Prize nomination and won three Brit Awards nominations. The album was released in the U.K. in November 2000, and was released a month later in the U.S. They have released two singles off this album and they have both had tremendous success, Yellow then followed by Trouble. Many may have first heard their first single Yellow on ABC, because in 2000 it was chosen as the theme song for their sports promotion spots. This band has enjoyed almost instant success after signing with their label in April 1999. Parachutes is a perfect balance of sadness and elation, which they are able to switch back and forth in a heartbeat. The album begins with its shortest track (2:17) Don’t Panic, which starts with a sort of British folk-rock sound and evolves into a kind of spacey electric guitar piece with piano perfectly added in. Buckland’s Pink Floyd resembling guitar sound blends perfect... Free Essays on Coldplay Free Essays on Coldplay History of Rock Music 287 Parachutes by Coldplay Label: EMD/Capitol, (recorded 2000). Produced by Ken Nelson and Kris Allison. Selections: Don’t Panic, Shiver, Spies, Sparks, Yellow, Trouble, Parachutes, High Speed, We Never Change, Everything’s Not Lost. Personnel: Chris Martin, vocals piano, Jon Buckland, guitar, Will Champion, drums, and Guy Berryman, bass. Coldplay recently won a Grammy award for Parachutes for Best Alternative Album. The only thing wrong with that is that Parachutes deserved to be nominated for Best Album. All of the quartet attended the University College of London. All four had been playing instruments since their early teens and been influenced by likes of Bob Dylan, Neil Young, and Eric Clapton. With only their full-debut album and a few EPs they have already joined the ranks of England’s elite including Oasis, Verve, and Radiohead. They are drawing comparisons with Scotland’s Travis and the late Jeff Buckley, who I recently have also taken an interest to. This album also earned the band a Mercury Music Prize nomination and won three Brit Awards nominations. The album was released in the U.K. in November 2000, and was released a month later in the U.S. They have released two singles off this album and they have both had tremendous success, Yellow then followed by Trouble. Many may have first heard their first single Yellow on ABC, because in 2000 it was chosen as the theme song for their sports promotion spots. This band has enjoyed almost instant success after signing with their label in April 1999. Parachutes is a perfect balance of sadness and elation, which they are able to switch back and forth in a heartbeat. The album begins with its shortest track (2:17) Don’t Panic, which starts with a sort of British folk-rock sound and evolves into a kind of spacey electric guitar piece with piano perfectly added in. Buckland’s Pink Floyd resembling guitar sound blends perfect...

Marketing Campaign & Strategic Planning Assignment

Marketing Campaign & Strategic Planning - Assignment Example Once the customer is loyal to a company then an imaginary contract is signed between the company and the customer which becomes hard to break. A loyal customer will be hard for the other companies to influence and in this way loyalty will act as a revenue sustaining agent for the company. Another major benefit of satisfied customers is that they become an un-paid marketing agents for the company’s brand, as they are unintentionally carrying out a word of mouth campaign for the company which further gives a boost to the sales of the company. It is true that a satisfied customer increase the profitability of a company, but a dissatisfied customer decreases it by two folds. It is important for a company to pay special attention to what the customers wants rather than giving them something they hardly value. A dissatisfied customer will always share his/her poor experience with others which will further hurt the brand name. According to an article of customer service facts, a happy customer will share his/her experience with 4-6 people however a dissatisfied customer will tell it to 9-15 people. (Customer Satisfaction Facts) In this way a bad experience of one customer can take away 9-15 possible customers. This high risk of bad mouthing of a dissatisfied customer increases the marketing costs of the company which in the struggle to regain the initial position runs heavy advertisements and promotions to re-capture the place in the customers mind. (Richins et al

Role of a Management Consultant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Role of a Management Consultant - Essay Example B., 2001). The same brand is part of a long, classic, one-on-one competition with its archrival, PepsiCo. Inc. Coca Cola experienced a rapid growth in sales and consumer –preference, thanks to Roberto Goizueta who raised Coca Cola to the heights of performance while he was CEO from 1981 to 1997. Using his sharp analytical skills and market foresight and risk-taking tendency, Goizueta took Coca Cola into the direction of high sales, increasing market-share, revenue gains and high profit margins. He revolutionized how the soda industry is run and showed the world that just by focusing on Coca Cola’s principle black beverage; the company became a top-notch giant. This very philosophy inspired Coke’s followers, and even the Board of Directors, which included tycoons such as Warren Buffet, Herbert A. Allen and Donald Keough. They remained admirers of this approach and frowned upon any notions of diversification, unlike what was happening inside PepsiCo. Throughout the nineties, through this very approach, Coca Cola saw its rise in the world of beverage as an undisputed winner over PepsiCo. Inc. Goizueta took some very successful decision during his time, one of which was to form a new company under the name Coca Cola Enterprises, in 1986, which handled the US bottling operations for Coca Cola. This, immediately, helped Coca Cola in terms of the debt burden and also, raised their stock volumes, while reassuring quality bottling and distribution. (Cravens & Piercy, 2009). According to Cravens and Piercy (2009), this move turned out to be quite a profitable one as Coca Cola could erase off $2.4 billion from the balance sheet. Moreover, having formed Coca Cola Enterprises, US bottling operations were handled well and timely distribution channels were assured. He was known to be risky, as he himself used to admit. His believes were of the nature that risk-taking is a necessity for growth and development. In a growing consumer-market, playing safe all the time could mean losing out on opportunities and business. Goizueta is renowned for another important move: his non-contemporary approach of globalization of brands. ‘Think global, act local’ was the underlying philosophy of Goizeuta to expand and capture foreign markets. Unlike the general wave of globalization, he insisted that, to develop a successful multinational brand, it was important to think globally while acting in the local context. He explained that standardization and uniformity represent a strong and consistent image of a brand and it triggers a sense of surety in the minds of consumers worldwide. This uniformity can help create a very powerful image of the brand; while also considering vital selling points and marketing campaign specifics of differing cultures and geographies. At the very end of all this positive period, it did become quite apparent that the direction in which Coca Cola was heading into, had a dead-end. Arguably, his headstrong, upfro nt style of leadership, even though raised Coca Cola to reach new heights in the short-run; however, his moves, somehow, created a recipe for future disaster. His decisions focused more on the bottling operations than the actual customers. It is important to note that Mr. Roberto Goizueta maintained that Coca Cola did not need diversification to increase revenue. Instead, according to Suhaib Riaz (2008), he borrowed millions

Haematopoiesis Located In Bone Marrow Section Biology Essay

Haematopoiesis Located In Bone Marrow Section Biology Essay Haemopoiesis also known as haematopoiesis located in bone marrow section of an adults and lymphatic tissue is the process of production of blood cells and platelets which continues throughout life, replacing aged cells which are removed from the circulation by which immature precursor cells expand to mature blood cells. This process thesis and how it works is known as monophyletic theory. The cellular blood components are precursor to haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that forms blood cells and immune cells. Blood cells (BC) are significant in maintenance of immune system in all types of cells in the body which prompt the BC to constantly maintain self renewal. Haemapoiesis stem cells therefore can proliferate, differentiate and even undergo cell death called apoptosis in various types of specialized cells in the body. The morphology and growth of BC sometimes occurs outside the bone marrow cells called extramedullary haemopoiesis. This is abnormal condition associated with Myelofibrosis caused by disorder in the bone marrow due to abnormal stem cell results or replacement by collagenous connective tissues. The sources of HSC are bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, Foetal Hematopoietic, Embryonic Stem Cells and Embryonic Germ Cells. The vascular compartment of bone marrow is used to supplied nutrient artery and open into sinuses. The sinus carries the blood from the bone marrow to the body. HSCs have two kinds and include long term stem cells which incorporate transplantation of a new marrow cells to lethally cancerous patients and restore its haemopoietic system for longer periods and short term progenitor which are unable to renew themselves for longer period but immediately regenerate all types of blood cells. The success of been able to inject healthy cells from compatible donor to patients receiving chemotherapy successfully and recipient recover by regaining full functioning healthy blood cells is deemed to have completed stem cells. Large amount of new blood cells are constantly been produced in the blood circulation ensuring steady flow in the peripheral circulation. This type of stem cells is known as pluripotential stem cell (PSC). Pluripotent stem cell however differentiates into other stem cells known as unipotential stem cells: erythropoiesis, monocytes, granulopoiesis, thrombopoiesis and lymphopoiesis are specially multiplied into precursor specifically to individual mature blood cells. Erythropoiesis is the process used to describe red blood cells (erythrocytes) formation exclusively in the red bone marrow involving matured nucleated precursor into erythrocytes. The yellow bone marrow initially composed of fats and subsequently changed to red bone marrow from greater affinity of red blood cells needs. Haemocytoblasts is the precursor of erythrocytes lasting for few days and involved around four mitotic divisions of cells given rise to 8 to 16 more cells. The kidney initiates RBC production in mature cell by responding to lack of oxygen in the blood and secret special hormone called erythropoietin. This hormone is then transferred to red bone marrow and begins production of red blood cell. The RBC fills up the blood capillaries for distribution in the body. After few days the RBC is strong enough to serve oxygen to the body and consequently subsided after few months and loses its affinity to continue oxygen distribution and rupture. The ruptured RBC is then taken up by the spleen for recycled to form new RBC. Monocytes is a type of white blood cells that mature to much larger cells called macrophages and plays major role in immune system of the body that destroy dead cells or tissues damaged and cancer cells. Produced in the bone marrow and develop from nucleated precursors, the monoblast and promonocyte and then goes through the bloodstream for circulation to the spleen, lymph nodes, liver,bone marrow and lungs. Mature cells in monocytes life span is around 3-8 hours with full antigenic stimulation of T and B lymphocytes. Thrombopoiesis is a Platelets formed in the cytoplasm cell called megakaryocyte inside bone marrow with maturity within 10 days from much larger stem cells, megakaryoblast . The platelets formation penetrates into the blood vessels to prevent bleeding, assist clots formation to prevent bleeding and repair damages to blood vessels. Macrophages eventually destroy the platelets in the spleen and liver. Granulopoiesis are formed in the red bone marrow (RBM) called granulocytes and subdivided into three types of white blood cells (WBC); eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils and are grouped in the same stem cells called myeloblast. Granulocytes are produced by the continuous lobulation and condensation of the nucleus, loss of RNA cytoplasmic granules development. A developed cell goes through sinus endothelium where half of the granulocytes circulate to the internal surface of blood vessels and the other half circulates in the blood vessels for exchange. Half of the granulocytes eventually disperse from the circulation in response to requirement in the tissues. Lymphopoieses are precursor to lymphoblasts and prolymphocytes produced in bone marrow. Immature cells are transferred to the lymphoid tissues and thymus, with further division with similar antigens to T cells, B cells and NK cells. They mediate composite and immune effectors. Blood cells (BC) are significant in maintenance of immune system in all types of cells in the body which prompt the BC to constantly maintain self renewal. Haemapoiesis stem cells therefore can proliferate, differentiate and even undergo cell death called apoptosis in various types of specialized cells in the body. The morphology and growth of BC sometimes occurs outside the bone marrow cells called extramedullary haemopoiesis. This is abnormal condition associated with Myelofibrosis caused by disorder in the bone marrow due to abnormal stem cell results or replacement by collagenous connective tissues. The sources of HSC are bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, Foetal Hematopoietic, Embryonic Stem Cells and Embryonic Germ Cells. The vascular compartment of bone marrow is used to supplied nutrient artery and open into sinuses. The sinus carries the blood from the bone marrow to the body. HSCs have two kinds and include long term stem cells which incorporate transplantation of a new marrow cells to lethally cancerous patients and restore its haemopoietic system for longer periods and short term progenitor which are unable to renew themselves for longer period but immediately regenerate all types of blood cells. The success of been able to inject healthy cells from compatible donor to patients receiving chemotherapy successfully and recipient recover by regaining full functioning healthy blood cells is deemed to have completed stem cells. Leukemia and Lymphoma are some of the cancer of the blood associated with treatment by HSCs. The process relates to the patients defective white blood cells causes by cancer having been destroyed using chemotherapy and replaced with bone marrow transplant matched with donor. Donor are usually from patients family with similar leukocytes antigens. Cancer of the blood are acute or chronic myeloblastics leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma and Hodgkins diseases. Name the systems used to classify acute lymphoblastic leukaemia(ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). (word limit: 20 words) (2 MARKS) French-American-British (FAB) classification and the World Health Organization (WHO) classifications are two subtypes used in classification of AML and ALL. Define leucocytosis and thrombocytopenia. (word limit: 75 words)(5 MARKS) Leucocytes is a conditions of an abnormal increase of white cells in the blood due to infections. Total white blood cells is approximately 4400 to 11,000 cells/microL. Excess to the value of 50,000/microL, attributed to leukemia is called leukemoid reaction. Thrombocytopenia is a condition where there is abnormal decrease in platelets counts, rendering inability for clot formation resulting in excessive bleeding. Causes can be due to low platelets in bone marrow, intravascular and extravascular. Define leukaemia and state the four main divisions of the disease. (word limit: 70 words) (10 MARKS) Leukaemia is a malignant (cancer) of the bone marrow characterized by uninhibited proliferation of abnormal white blood cells. Symptoms include enlargement of liver, lymph nodes and spleen, anaemia, blood clotting retardation. Four major types of leukaemia are; Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) classified as Lymphocytic or lymphoblastic, Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) classified as Myelogenous leukemia State the typical manifestation of someone presenting with acute leukaemia including the blood film morphology. (word limit: 200 words) (5 MARKS) Most common symptons includes abnormal bruising and bleeding (thrombocytopaenia), anemia, bleeding gums or irregularity in menstrual period and infections. Anaemia and hypermetabolic state are attributed to fatigue, malaise, weight loss, chest pain and tachycardia. Granulocytopenia can progressively lead to potential life threatening bacterial infections. Developing infection frequently in eyes, nose and mouth known as neutropaenia, trace of blood in urine, fine rash dark red spots called purpura. Sign of fever, abnormal heamostasis are mostly common. Patients may sometimes shows lesion in soft tissues, spina dura and cranial representing tumour of leukaemia cells called granulocytic sarcoma or chroma. Periosteal infiltration and bone marrow may initiate joint pain (Arthralgia) in children with ALL. Meningitis causing vomiting, seizure, papilledema and headache is rare. Blood film morphology diagnosis of AML shows presence of more than 20% myeloblasts in blood cell. Cells appear to be smudge with decrease in thrombocytes. Elevated count of leucocytes 135.3 x 109 /L and thrombocytopenia of 26 x 109 /L indicates signs of acute leukaemia. In AML, Auer rods appear smaller in size, absent of granules, lower RBC counts and appear smaller in morphology. Also ALL contains no granules State the typical manifestation of someone with chronic leukaemia including the blood film morphology. (word limit: 200 words) (5 MARKS) (word limit: 230 words) (15 MARKS) Chronic leukaemia from mature cells is a slow progressive symptom that goes unnoticed for months. Disease is normally notice during normal routine blood test. Immediate treatment is not imminent and may involve chemotherapy treatment in tablet from. Two types of chronic leukaemia: Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), cancer of the myeloid cells, and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), cancer of the lymphocytes. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common type characterised by an increased number of lymphocytes (WBC). The lymphocytes are unable to perform normal process of responding to infections by producing antibodies needed to destroy bacteria. Symptoms may be tiredness (anaemia) due to lack of RBC, continuous infections due to WBCs healthy shortages in fighting infections, abnormal lymphocytes in lymph glands causing swelling in neck and arm pits or groin, also swelling in spleen, Low platelets in blood leading to bruising or bleeding without injury, weight loss, fevers and night sweat. Test in blood film morphology indicates nuclei appearance is rounded and condensed chromatin. High level of beta-2-macroglobulin protein in the blood indicates advance CLL. Appearance and large amount of lymphocytosis in the blood more than 10,000 lymphocytes/mm ³ of blood shows presence of the disease. Patient with CLL often have low red blood cells and blood platelets in the body. Explain the following techniques and give one example for each, of application in the diagnosis or monitoring of leukaemia: (word limit: 230) (15 marks). Cytochemistry Is the staining methods use to study, identify and localization of various chemical compounds within living cells and activities of acute leukaemia. The most simplify cytochemistry method of diagnosing leukaemia is Myeloperoxidase (MPO) staining which can be completed within minutes. Its main function is to differentiate AML and ALL. Lysosomal enzyme stored azurophilic granules of neutrophils and monocytes. Used in basophils and eosinophils demonstration. A heme pigmentation react to its green colour secretion found in neutrophils. Immunophenotyping Immunophenotyping is use to analyze heterogeneous populations of cells based on the antigens phenotype according to their resemblance of interest. Example is leukocytes from peripheral blood extract from lymph nodes, leukaemia and lymphoma specific to differentiate cancer cells to normal of immune system. Immunophenotyping is used on a daily basis by pathologist from normal biopsies to bone marrow biopsies from various patients. Method mostly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens is flow cytometry techniques. Samples of cells are analyzed in a multi-well plate with aid of fluorescence or scatter laser light to sort out population by immunophenotypic markers type. Cytogenetics The branch of genetics specialized in the studies of relationships between the structure of cell division and chromosomes relating to variation in phenotype and genotype. Test are carried out in blood samples and bone marrow from leukaemia patients to analyse abnormalities in chromosomal link with certain disease. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is one of the methods use in routine analysis of cytogenetic band, molecular cytogenetic and G-Banded chromosomes in leukemia against normal chromosome. What is the Philadelphia chromosome? Give an example of where this is commonly found. (word limit: 120 words) (5 MARKS) Philadelphia chromosome (PH) or Philadelphia translocation is a specific chromosomal abnormality that causes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). It is an abnormally chromosome 22 involved in an exchange with chromosome 9 which occur at the site of single bone marrow cell and can also be located in form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The clonal process expands to the leukaemia and was the first major mutant cell found in malignancy which led to the CML cells combination of BCR-ABL gene protein. These genes belong to chromosome 22 and 9 respectively. The activities of both PH chromosome fused together causing uncontrolled malignant in the cell is a strong indication of pathogenic disease. The drug mesylate (Gleevec) was introduced through understanding of this mechanism to aid in cancer treatment. State the difference between stem cell and bone marrow transplants. (word limit: 100 words) (4 MARKS) Stem cell transplantation is a method where the stem cells are obtained from the peripheral blood using aphaeresis method. Aphaeresis assists in stem cells filtrations and avoids unwanted blood. When stem cells are obtained from the outpatient donor from the blood stream, they are less invasive and patient can recover very quickly at home. Stem cell harvested from the bone marrow using fine needle inseted into the hip joint however required critical method from in patient to be hospitalized and put under general aneshesia for continue monitoring. Stem cells collected from the bone marrow are much richer in stems compare with stem collected from the peripheral blood. State the difference between autologous and allogenic transplants. (word limit: 50 words) (4 MARKS) Difference between an autologous transplant is when patients own blood forming cell are collected for use in transplataion later, while an allogenic transplant relies on cells collected from volunteers bone marrow. The donors tissue type must be compatible to the recipient to avoid miss match.

Economics Commentary Essay

The article I have chosen to base my commentary on is â€Å"SpiceJet buys 30 Q400† aircraft from the times of India (website) and the article was published on 30th of august, 2011. As the title suggests the article discusses about the recent acquisition made by SpiceJet of 30 Q400 aircrafts from Bombardier in order to reach out to more of the tier 2 and tier 3 cities in India, where there is a potential demand which has not been yet met entirely. These cities include Aurangabad, Bhopal, Indore, Mangalore, Rajahmundry, Tirupati and Vijayawada also SpiceJet will start operating direct flights to cities that is not easily available such as; from Hyderabad to Goa and Madurai, Nagpur to Pune and Bangalore to Vizag. This plan to improve air connectivity by SpiceJet has given a lot of satisfaction to many people as their travel has been made much more easier for many citizens of India. Also this the first time that any airline in India has bought these new changes and it allows the company to have monopoly, when concerning these particular routes. Through these changes SpiceJet will be able to increase their customer base and reach out to a more niche market that had been previously neglected by them. This improvement in their route and by providing more aircrafts SpiceJet will enable them to increase their supply thus resulting in their prices to decrease (as can be seen on diagram 1). Moreover the Q400 aircrafts are comparatively much more fuel efficient which not only decreases their cost and hence allows them to offer â€Å"affordable journey to the common people† but also improves their public image because it promotes them as being environmental friendly and hence increase their demand thus bringing about an increase in the equilibrium quantity and price as well (as can be seen on diagram 2). Additionally it makes sure that SpiceJet would be less prone to criticism from NGOs or other pressure groups. Q400 is considered to be the â€Å"best short-haul plane† and comparatively is more comfortable than other planes like it. This will increase the demand of this series of aircraft and most probably more of airlines companies would like to buy flights from bombardier these and hence the price would be increased (as can be seen by figure 3). In addition to this The Q400 aircraft due to its comfort would also benefit SpiceJet as more passengers would like to travel through it compared to other airlines thus causing the demand curve to shift upwards and thus allowing the prices to increase even further (as can be seen by figure 4). The Q400 aircraft are not only going to benefit SpiceJet but also millions of people and India as a whole since this would cause a drastic improvement in communications. Also it will set a trend for other airlines to also offer more routes and hence force the prices to go even lower as the competition will increase and the demand would become comparatively elastic (as can be seen by diagram 5).

Human life-span Essay

The answer in my own broad based opinion based on what I have read, is that the term, â€Å"Learning† is a cognitive process of acquiring new concepts and skills, in order to complete a task which in-turn increase’s knowledge and understanding of the subject area to be learnt. In addition, individuals will be able to build on past experiences to identify how a situation could be improved, and then with this knowledge make actual improvements. Furthermore, learning is influenced from the environment in which we find ourselves, which reflects greatly in our behaviour. Moreover, it is continuum throughout the human life-span. In comparison the term, â€Å"Development† refers to the biological process by which a human organism grows and functions through its life-span. Development can be monitored by physical growth, and a marked change in performance which is usually associated with progression of increasing knowledge and skills. Development happens gradually over a period of time, allowing achievements to be built upon and improved, which is similar to the learning process. Development seems to be sequential with age, and I believe what happens in the early stages of development can have a significant affect in the later stages of development. Furthermore, development can be influenced by our own personal experiences within the environment. It is important to understand that there is a clear difference between learning and development. Learning occurs within specific situations and development is linked to functionality and physical growth, however, they are closely related, but have separate meanings. Educational pioneer, Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) urged early year’s educators to respect the sanctity of children learning and developing new skills through this statement: â€Å"We grant space and time to young plants and animals because we know that, in accordance with the laws that live in them, they will develop properly and grow well. Young animals and plants are given rest and arbitrary interference with their growth is avoided, because it is known that the opposite practice would disturb their pure unfolding and sound development; but the young human being is looked upon as a piece of wax or a lump of clay which man can mould into what he pleases,† (www. Geocities. com). The origins of learning theory are in an area of philosophy called â€Å"Epistemology,† a field concerned with how we acquire knowledge. Two philosophical traditions emerged from the writings of the ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. These traditions are nativism, (Plato) and empiricism, (Aristotle). In the early seventeenth century before the beginnings of modern Psychology, there was a philosophical debate between the empiricists and the nativists, known more commonly today as the nature-nurture debate. The nature-nurture debate is another example of determinism. The debate is concerned with what causes something to develop. On one side, nativists see development as arising from innate factors – from inherited characteristics. On the other side, empiricists see development occurring because of experience and learning. British philosopher John Locke, (1632-1704) the founder of empiricism, advanced the hypothesis that children learn primarily from external forces, he implied: â€Å"Without nurture, we are nothing† (Haralambos & Rice 2002, p. 761). Empiricists believed that the human infant is born with no skills or knowledge; they refer to the infant as a, â€Å"Tabula rasa,† or â€Å"Blank slate. † The rationale behind this idea is that the knowledge and skills will be, â€Å"Written on† the child by the knowledgeable hand of experience, and influenced by environmental factors. Furthermore, the infant will learn through instruction from others, in addition too their own direct experiences, which in-turn will determine their achievements. Nativists (such as Jean- Jacques Rousseau 1712- 1778) in contrast, argue that we are born with innate intelligence, in addition to genetic inheritance which determines intellectual achievement and, to some extent, personality. William Mcdougal, (Nativist- 1908) states: â€Å"The human mind has certain innate or inherited tendencies which are the essential springs or motive powers of all thought and action, whether individual or collective, and are the bases from which the character and will of individuals and of nations are gradually developed,† (Haralambos & Rice 2002, p.761). A modern form of the, (Nurture debate) relating to learning theory was proposed by B. F Skinner (1904-1990) in the form of behaviourism. The Behaviourists believed that human behaviour is learned. Behaviourism is primarily concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behaviour, in relation to what we can see, how people react, in addition to how people behave. Behaviour theorists define learning as nothing more than an acquisition of new behaviour. Skinner’s theory is based on the idea that learning occurs through a process of reinforcement. He believes changes in behaviour are the result of an individual’s response to events, (stimuli) that occur in the environment. A response produces a consequence, for e. g. when children utter sounds and words which are to become their native language, and are greeted with a positive response. This positive response is the reinforcement which encourages the child to repeat the sound of the word, which in turn reinforces learning. Furthermore, behaviourists support the, Transmission Model of learning (Nurture) as the model uses the hand of experience, the knowledgeable adult to nurture the child through the learning process, enabling them to control what learning takes place. The Social Learning theory developed from behaviorism. Albert Bandura emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Bandura, (1977) states: â€Å"Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. â€Å"